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Câu tường thuật hoặc câu gián tiếp là câu thuật lại câu nói nguyên văn (câu trực tiếp) được đặt trong dấu ngoặc kép.
Một số thay đổi cơ bản khi viết câu tường thuật
Khi chuyển một câu nói trực tiếp sang câu nói gián tiếp có những thay đổi như sau:
1. Các đại từ:
Về cơ bản, khi tường thuật, các đại từ được thay đổi như sau:
Trực tiếp | Gián tiếp | Trực tiếp | Gián tiếp |
I | she/ he | we | they |
me | her/ him | us | them |
my | her/ his | our | their |
mine | hers/ his | ours | theirs |
myself | herself/ himself | ourselves | themselves |
2. Trạng từ chỉ thời gian:
Trực tiếp | Gián tiếp |
today | that day |
tonight | that night |
now | then, at that time, at once, immediately |
yesterday | the day before/ the previous day |
yesterday morning | the previous morning |
the day before yesterday | two days before |
last (week) | the (week) before, the previous (week) |
ago | before/ earlier |
tomorrow | the next day/ the following day |
tomorrow morning | the next morning |
the day after tomorrow | in two days time |
next (week) | the next (week)/ the following (week) |
3. Đại từ chỉ định:
Trực tiếp | Gián tiếp |
this | these |
that | those |
4. Thì của động từ:
Khi động từ tường thuật (say, tell, ask,…) ở thì quá khứ, động từ trong câu gián tiếp phải lùi một thì so với câu trực tiếp.
Trực tiếp | Gián tiếp |
Hiện tại đơn
He said, “I work in a bank.” |
Quá khứ đơn
He said (that) he worked in a bank. |
Hiện tại tiếp diễn
She said, “I am cleaning the kitchen.” |
Quá khứ tiếp diễn
She said (that) she was cleaning the kitchen. |
Hiện tại hoàn thành
“I have done the exercises.” he said. |
Quá khứ hoàn thành
He said (that) he had done the exercises. |
Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn
He said, “I have been studying for 3 hours.” |
Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn
He said (that) he had been studying for 3 hours. |
Quá khứ đơn
“I made the birthday cake for him,” she said. |
Quá khứ hoàn thành
She said (that) she had made the birthday cake for him. |
Quá khứ tiếp diễn
He said, “I was sleeping in my room then.” |
Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn
He said (that) he had been sleeping in his room then. |
will/shall
She said, “I will send you a postcard.” |
would
She said (that) she would send me a postcard. |
can
He said, “I can play the guitar very well.” |
could
He said (that) he could play the guitar very well. |
may
They said, “We may go past your house.” |
might They said (that) they might go past my house. |
must/have to (sự bắt buộc)
He said, “I must do the duty with care.” |
had to He said (that) he had to do the duty with care. |
must (sự suy diễn) She said, “You must be very satisfied.” |
must
She said (that) I must be very satisfied. |
must (đưa ra lời khuyên) “The book is useful. You must read it.”, Tom said to me. |
must Tom said to me (that) the book was useful and I must read it. |
must not (sự cấm đoán) She said, “You mustn’t drive fast.” |
must not She said (that) I/we mustn’t drive fast. |
need
He said, “I need to buy a new toothbrush.” |
needed/had to
He said (that) he needed/had to buy a new toothbrush. |
needn’t (dùng ở hiện tại)
He said, “I needn’t hurry.” |
needn’t/didn’t have to
He said (that) he needn’t/ didn’t have to. |
needn’t (dùng ở tương lai)
She said, “You needn’t send the report tomorrow.” |
wouldn’t have to
She said (that) I wouldn’t have to send the report the following day. |
CÁC TRƯỜNG HỢP KHÔNG THAY ĐỔI THÌ CỦA ĐỘNG TỪ
1. Khi động từ tường thuật (say, tell, ask,…) ở thì hiện tại đơn, tương lai đơn, hiện tại hoàn thành:
VD: He says, “I don’t know the answer to your question.”
→ He says that he doesn’t know the answer to my question.
2. Khi động từ tường thuật (say, tell, ask,…) ở các thì quá khứ, động từ trong câu gián tiếp không đổi thì trong các trường hợp sau:
VD: My teacher said, “Russia is the biggest country in the world.”
→ My teacher said that Russia is the biggest country in the world.
VD: (In class) A: What did the teacher say?
B: He said (that) he wants us to do our homework.
VD: He said, “I was eating when she called me.”
→ He told me he was eating when she called him.
VD: He said, “They might win the game.”
→ He said that they might win the game.
VD: He said, “I wish I were richer.”
→ He told me he wished he were richer.
VD: He said, “If I had time, I would help you.”
→ He said if he had time, he would help me.
VD: He said, “It’s time we went.”
→ He said it was time they went.
Nhật Hồng (Nguồn Jolo English)